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水稻和小麦是如何分裂世界的：中西方差异源于农业

betway备用网址网 2016-03-12 14:23
摘要：让科学家一直以来都疑惑不解的是为什么欧美与中国以及东亚国家在文化上如此不同。一项研究所得出的答案令人出乎意料：东西方不同的农耕方式导致了不同的文化。
Scientists have long wondered why the U.S. and Europe are so culturally different to China and other countries in Eastern Asia.
让科学家一直以来都疑惑不解的是为什么欧美与中国以及东亚国家在文化上如此不同。

Now one study claims the answer lies in anunexpected area: the different farming methods used by people living in theEast and West.
一项研究所得出的答案令人出乎意料：东西方不同的农耕方式导致了不同的文化。

While Westerners are known for theirindividualism and analytical thinking, eastern culture tends to beinterdependent and holistic, the study claims.
西方人以个人主义和分析思维著名，而东方文化倾向于互相依赖和整体，这是一项研究多得出的结果。

Theories explaining the differences have included wealth and education fuellingindividualism in the West, and high rates of infectious disease in the Eastcausing people to be wary of outsiders.
有些理论认为东西方之所以存在差异的原因在于西方的财富和教育助长了个人主义，而东方传染疾病的高发导致人们提防外来者。

But the real reason may simply be the waypeople at both ends of the world cultivate rice and wheat, say the scientists.
但是科学家说真正的原因可能仅在于东西方在种植水稻和小麦上存在的差异。

Paddy rice cannot be grown without ample supplies of water, forcing neighboursto work together to irrigate their crops.

水稻的生长需要足够的水资源，所以邻里之间需要相互合作来灌溉农作物。

It is also highly labour-intensive,requiring about twice the number of hours from planting to harvest as doeswheat.
而且是劳动密集型的，从种植到收获，水稻所花的时间大约是小麦所需时间的两倍。

Wheat farmers, in contrast, can rely on the rain and operate much moreindependently.
形成鲜明对比的是，种植小麦的农民可以依靠雨水来灌溉，而且在操作上更具独立性。

To test their theory, the scientistsassessed known measures of individualism and collectivism in 1,000 people fromdifferent regions of Chinawhere rice and wheat are grown.
为了验证自己的理论，科学家们评估了中国各个水稻和小麦种植区的1000名中国人的个人主义和集体主义倾向。

The results, published in the journalScience, showed distinct psychological differences that mirrored those betweenthe East and West.
结果发布在了《科学》杂志上，显现出了独特的心理差异，正好反映了东、西方的区别。

‘It’s easy to think of China as a single culture,’ said lead researcherThomas Talhelm, from the University of Virginia.
“我们很容易就认为中国是个单一文化，”来自弗吉尼亚大学的领头研究员Thomas Talhelm说。

‘But we found that China has very distinct northern and southernpsychological cultures and that southern China’shistory of rice farming can explain why people in southern China are moreinterdependent than people in the wheat-growing north.
“但是我们发现中国南北的心理文化是不同的，中国南方的水稻种植历史可以解释为什么中国南方人比种植小麦的北方人更加互相依赖。”

‘The data suggests that legacies of farmingare continuing to affect people in the modern world.’
“这些数据表明农耕文化依然对现代人产生影响。”


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网友热评：

JackRoth, London,4 hours ago
Interesting to see the 'useful idiots' onhere defending 'western capitalism' The whole concept of employment is just amedieval trick designed to prevent the regime-changing solidarity that outrightslavery would have generated. And the trick continues to work to this very day.
看到某些傻瓜为“西方资本主义”辩护真是令我感到好笑。职业（或者工作或者雇佣）这一概念是中世纪的一种把戏，目的是为了不让人们团结起来推翻政权，因为彻底的奴役制度会让人们团结起来推翻现有的政权。这一把戏依然沿用到今天。

FeatherBoa, Leicester, 4 hours ago
Someone please tell these scientists thatthe difference between wheat farming and rice farming is machinery. Before thethreshing machine and other farming machinery was invented, the whole communitywould have been involved in farming, especially in harvesting wheat. The factthat very little help is needed on modern, mechanised farms has changed thenature and culture of farming. it's a much lonelier life than it would havebeen 150 years ago.
麻烦告诉这些科学家小麦耕种和水稻耕种的真正差异在于机械化。在打谷机和其他农业机械发明之前，所有人都要参与耕种，特别是在收割小麦时。如今在现代化和机械化的农场里根本不需要多少人力，从而改变了农耕的本质和文化。和150年前相比，如今的农耕真是太寂寞了。

Truthseeker, Bristol, United Kingdom, 3 hours ago
The points you make are sensible, howeverthe point the article didn't make clear is that growing rice involves workingcollectively over months after month, whereas wheat growing in the westrequired working together for much shorter periods in the year. It is thisongoing need to work day after day that bred the more collective approachwhilst here in the west it makes for a more individualistic approach. Howeverwe see it - these are just ideas and theories and any idea can be refuted.
你说的有道理，可文中没有讲清楚的一点是种植水稻需要人们在几个月时间里团结协作，而西方种植小麦一起协作的时间会短很多。因此，正是种植水稻所需要的日复一日的付出才使得东亚人更趋向于集体主义，而在我们西方就显得更加个人主义。无论如何，这些都仅是观点和理论，是可以被反驳的。


ComteDeLaFere,Midwest, United States, 4 hours ago
"Wheat farmers, in contrast, rely onrain and operate more independently"... Sometimes I think these peoplejust make things up out of thin air. Go read about what rural life was beforethe mechanized era of combines and harvesters. Read Novels by British LaureateThomas Hardy or French man Emile Zola who both wrote about rural life, and youwill see that not a single farmer could get his crop in the ground or get hisharvest up without the aid of the entire community around him. They werecompletely interdependent and the entire community relied on each other orthere would be no harvest. This study is complete nonsense.
“形成鲜明对比的是，种植小麦的农民可以依靠雨水来灌溉，而且在操作上更具独立性。”
我有时候会觉得这些人简直是无中生有。先去学习一下农业机械化前农村人的生活是怎样的。去读读英国作家托马斯哈代和法国作家左拉的作品吧，他们都描写过农村生活，你就会知道如果没有整个邻里的帮助，单靠一个农民是无法收割农作物的。完全是相互依赖的，整个社区如果不相互依赖，那么根本不会有收成。这项研究真是垃圾。

Trudi,Worcester, United Kingdom, 4 hours ago
Capitalist societies are not individualist.Of course we cooperate. If we didn't have people serving petrol, canning bakedbeans or knocking up speculative housing, other people wouldn't be free to'think, analyse' or anything else. We'd all be spending our time scraping thebasics. The only real difference between East and West is the demand forentertainment. Carbohydrates indeed.
资本主义社会并非是个人主义的。我们当然需要团结合作。社会是一个整体，每个人都在社会中扮演着自己的角色，否则一个社会是无法运行下去的。东西方唯一真正的差异在于对娱乐消遣的需求不同。


THED,New York, United States, 5 hours ago
I like rice and wheat. :)
水稻和小麦我都喜欢。


LeeW,Fylde Coast, United Kingdom, 5 hours ago
"To test their theory, the scientistsassessed known measures of individualism and collectivism in 1,000 people fromdifferent regions of Chinawhere rice and wheat are grown." Does this mean that we in the West canstop trying to be communist now?
“为了验证自己的理论，科学家们评估了中国各个水稻和小麦种植区的1000名中国人的个人主义和集体主义倾向。”
这是否意味着我们西方人现在可以停止成为共产主义者了？


Unguided,Not_Here, United Kingdom,6 hours ago
I prefer rice.
我更喜欢米饭。

Bonnie,Johannesburg, 6hours ago
Which ever way you try to look at it, thefact is their religion. Pagans in the East and "Christians" in theWest. Christianity is rapidly decreasing.
无论怎么看，根本的不同还是在于信仰。东方的“异教徒”和西方的“基督教徒”。基督教正在快速衰弱。


savepenrhos.co.uk,Holyhead-Anglesey-Wales, United Kingdom, 3 hours ago
America is east of China.East and west depends where you start from
美国位于中国的东方，西方还是东方，这就要看你怎么看了。

ostrichfeather,balington on quayside, United  Kingdom, 6 hours ago
where did they get wheat for noodles then
中国人哪来的小麦来做面条？


savepenrhos.co.uk,Holyhead-Anglesey-Wales, United Kingdom, 6 hours ago
They grow wheat in north western China, rice insouthern. You can also make noodles from rice flour.
中国西北部种植小麦，南方种植水稻。水稻也是可以做米粉的。

 
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